dallaire_cameron

Cameron Ch. 4 Outline (The 39 Overheads)

1
 THE WORLD OF ISLAM BEFORE 1500

þ ISLAM ORIGINATED IN ARABIA IN 7TH CENTURY AD:

     þ MOHAMMAD [570 - 632 AD]
     þ A MERCHANT --> ISLAM REGARDED MERCHANTS
          WITH ESTEEM.

þ ISLAM SPREAD IN TWO MAJOR WAVES:

þ 632 TO 732 AD: FROM CENTRAL ASIA TO SPAIN

þ 12 TO 15TH CENTURIES SPREAD TO THESE AREAS:

          þ ANATOLIA
          þ CENTRAL ASIA
          þ INDIA
          þ CEYLON
          þ INDONESIA
          þ SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

þ ORIGINAL ARABS AND OTHERS WHO EMBRACED ISLAM WERE
NOMADIC:

þ TENDED HERDS OF

þ SHEEPS þ GOATS þ CAMELS þ HORSES
þ FEW CATTLE þ NO PIGS

þ BUT THEY CONQUERED GREAT CITIES:

     þ TIGRIS-EUPHRATES
     þ THE NILE VALLEY
     þ ALEXANDRIA
     þ CAIRO
     þ CONSTANTINOPLE (RENAMED IT ISTANBUL)

2
 THE WORLD OF ISLAM BEFORE 1500 [CON'T]

þ FOR HUNDREDS OF YRS, ARABS & FELLOW MUSLIMS WERE
MAIN INTERMEDIARIES IN TRADE BETWEEN ASIA AND
EUROPE:

þ ISLAMIC HEARTLAND CONTAINED GREAT CARAVAN
ROUTES BETWEEN ASIA & MEDITERRANEAN.

þ MUSLIMS FACILITATED DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY

þ FROM CHINA --> MAGNETIC COMPASS
ART OF PAPER-MAKING

þ MUSLIMS ALSO INTRODUCED EUROPEANS TO MANY NEW
CROPS THEY FROM INDIA OR ELSEWHERE IN ASIA OR
AFRICA:

þ RICE þ SUGAR CANE þ COTTON
þ CITRUS FRUIT þ WATERMELON

þ ARABIAN MERCHANTS TRAVELLED BY SEA EXTENSIVELY:

þ ARABIAN SEA -- DOMINATED BY ARABIAN
MERCHANTS & SAILORS [E.G. LEGENDARY SINDBAD]

þ ARABIAN MERCHANTS/SAILERS -> CHINA -->
PORTS HAD COLONIES OF MUSLIM MERCHANTS

þ MUSLIMS USED RIVERS EXTENSIVELY --> DENSE NETWORK
OF CANALS IN MESOPOTAMIA.

3
 THE WORLD OF ISLAM BEFORE 1500 [CON'T]

þ LAND TRANSPORTATION

þ CAMEL FAVORED FOR LONG-DISTANCE TRAVEL

þ HUGE CARAVANS OF THOUSANDS OF CAMELS.

þ HORSES, MULES, DONKEYS FOR SHORT TRIPS.

þ WHEELED TRANSPORT DISAPPEARED FROM MIDEAST
TILL 19TH CENT.

þ MUSLIMS HAD TOLERANT ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHRISTIANS
AND JEWS:

     þ MUCH FREEEDOM
     þ JEWISH MERCHANTS --> AGENTS SCATTERED THRU
          ISLAMIC WORLD FROM SPAIN TO INDONESIA.

4
 ISLAMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD CULTURE

þ MUSLIMS CONQUERED GREEK-SPEAKING EASTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE.

þ THUS MUSLIMS TOOK OVER LEARNING OF CLASSICAL
GREECE.

þ DURING EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES. ARABS & CHINESE WERE
WORLD'S LEADERS IN SCIENTIFIC & PHILOSOPHICAL
THOUGHT.

þ MANY ANCIENT GK AUTHORS KNOWN TO US TODAY ONLY
THRU ARABIC TRANSLATIONS.

þ MODERN MATH --> BASED ON HINDU-ARABIC NUMERALS:

þ ROMAN NUMERALS: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII,
VIII, IX, X

þ HINDU-ARABIC NUMERALS: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0

þ ALGEBRA --> AN ARAB INVENTION

5X - 5 = 0

þ CORDOBA: LEADING MUSLIM INTELLECTUAL CENTER

þ MANY CHRISTIAN SCHOLARS STUDIED THERE IN
11TH & 12TH CENT.

þ MERCANTILE PRACTICES: MANY CHRISTIAN MERCHANTS
LEARNED FORM MUSLIMS.

5
 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

þ NORMADIC TURKISH TRIBES OF CENTRAL ASIA RAIDED &
CONQUERED MIDDLE EAST IN 13 & 14TH CENT.

þ TAMERLANE CONQUERED PERSIA AT END OF 14TH CENT.

þ ISMAEL FOUNDED SAFAVOD DYNASTY IN PERSIONIN 16TH
CENT.

þ MOST SUCCESSFUL OF TURKISH CONQUERORS -->
OTTOMANS

þ SULTAN OSMAN [1259-1326]

þ CONQUERS SMALL TERRITORY IN NW ANATOLIA
FROM EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (BYZANTINE).

þ CONQUER CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453.

þ IN 16TH CENTURY, EXPAND INTO NEAR & MIDDLE
EAST & NORTH AFRICA.

þ IN EUROPE, OTTOMANS CONQUERED GREECE &
BALKANS.

þ YET, VAST TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY TURKS WAS NOT
UNIFIED ECONOMY:

þ HIGH COST OF TRANSPORT --> PREVENTED TRUE
INTEGRATION.

þ EACH REGION CONTINUED ITS FORMER ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES -- NO REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION.

6
 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE [CON'T]

þ KEY TO DURABILITY OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE:

þ REGULAR, EQUITABLE SYSTEM OF TAXATION.

þ AMPLE REVENUE TO SUPPORT BUREAUCRACY * ARMY.

þ ORDER MAINTAINED THRU TURKISH OFFICIALS
STATIONED IN PROVINCES.

þ DRAW RENTS FROM SPECIFIC PARCELS OF
LAND -- LIKE EUROPEAN FEUDALISM.

þ TURKS WERE FEARED.

þ YET, TREATED SUBJECTS OKAY AS LONG AS THEY
PAID TAXES & DIDN'T REVOLT.

þ DIDN'T FORCE CONVERSION OF SUBJECTS TO
ISLAM.

þ USED JANNISARIES --> ELITE SOLDIERS
RECRUITED FROM CHRISTIAN HOUSEHOLDS AS CHILDREN

þ JEWS TOLERATED.

7
 HIGHLIGHTS OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION

þ CHINA --> SELF CONTAINED CIVILIZATION.

þ ONLY RARELY DID FOREIGN BARBARIANS INTRUDE.

þ DYNASTIES ROSE & FELL --> SOMETIMES SEPARATED BY
PERIODS OF ANARCHY & WARRING STATES.

þ CONFUSIONISM ELABORATED IN 5TH CENTURY BC.

þ CHINESE BUREAUCRACY --> CARRIED ON BY MANDARINS
STEEPED INCONFUSCIAN PHILOSOPHY.

     þ EMPEROR ALL POWERFUL.
     þ THEIR WISHES CARRIED OUT BY MANDARINS -->
          BROAD LATITUDE.

þ CRADLE OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION --> YELLOW RIVER.

þ CHINESE AGRICULTURE

     þ MILLET --> NATIVE.
     þ WHEAT & BARLEY --> FROM MIDDLE EAST
     þ RICE --> FROM SE ASIA.

     þ LABOR INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE.
     þ NO DRAFT ANIMALS.
     þ EXTENSIVE IRRIGATION.
     þ 1000 AD --> NEW RICE VARIETY --> ABLE TO
          PLANT 2 CROPS/YR ON SAME LAND -->
          PRODUCTIVITY ^^

8
 HIGHLIGHTS OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION [CON'T]

þ MORE EFFICIENT AGRICULTURE --> URBAN GROWTH
     --> FLOURISHING OF SKILLED CRAFTS

     þ BRONZE WORKING
     þ MFG OF SILK CLOTH --> EMERGED EARLY -->
       ANCIENT ROMANS GOT VIA CARAVAN ROUTE THRU
       CENTRAL ASIA --> GREAT SILK ROAD

     þ PORCELAIN --> CHINAWARE
     þ PAPER & PRINTING
     þ PAPER MONEY --> INFLATION --> MONETARY
        COLLAPSE.

þ MAGNETIC COMPASS --> REACHED WEST THRU
ARABS.

þ IN SUM, CHINESE REACHED HIGH LEVEL OF
SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT WELL
IN ADVANCE OF WEST.

9
 WHY DID INNOVATIVE CHINESE NOT ACHIEVE
AN INDUSTRIAL AGE?

þ WHY DID NOT CHINA ENTER INDUSTRIAL ERA?

þ CHINESE CRAFTS --> ELITE MKT

          þ GOVN. OFFICIALS
          þ LANDOWNING ARISTOCRATS
          þ PEASANT MASSES --> NO MKT --> TOO POOR.

þ CHINESE EXCELLED AT IRON PRODUCTION

þ USED ONLY FOR WEAPONS, DECORATIVE ART.
þ NOT USED FOR TOOLS.

þ MERCHANTS/COMMERCE --> LOW STATUS IN CONFUCIAN
PHILOSOPHY.

þ WEALTHY MERCHANTS --> BECOME WEALTHY
LANDOWNING ARISTOCRATS.

þ POPULATION GROWTH AS CHINA SPREAD DOWN YELLOW
RIVER & SOUTHWARD TO YANGTSE VALLEY

     þ 600 AD ............ 50 MILLION PEOPLE
     þ 1200 AD ............ 100
     þ 1450 AD ............ 100

þ 7TH CENT .......... 75 % IN N. CHINA
þ 13TH CENT .......... 60 % IN CEN.+ S. CHINA

þ GRAND CANAL --> LINKED YELLOW & YANGTSE RIVERS

     þ MAINLY FOR GOVN. TO MAINTAIN CONTROL
     þ FACILITATED INTER-REGIONAL TRADE -->
          SOME REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION

 THE ERUPTION OF THE MONGOLS

þ MONGOLIA --> MONGOL TRIBES UNITED UNDER
GENGHIS KHAN

þ IN 50 YRS, GENGHIS & SUCCESSORS CREATED LARGEST
     CONTINUOUS LAND EMPIRE EVER.

     þ KOREA IN EAST.
     þ POLAND & HUNGARY IN WEST.

þ IN 1258, CONQUERED ARAB CALIPHATE --> DESTROYED
BAGHDAD.

þ MONGOLS BECAME RULERS IN:

     þ CHINA
     þ CENTRAL ASIA
     þ RUSSIA
     þ MIDDLE EAST

þ BRUTAL MONGOLS SETTLED DOWN, ADOPTED CIVILIZATION
OF CONQUERED PEOPLES.

þ IN CENTRAL ASIA & MIDDLE EAST

          þ CONVERTED TO ISLAM.
          þ MIXED WITH TURKISH ALLIES
          þ MIXED WITH LOCAL POPULATIONS.

þ IN RUSSIA, MONGOLS DID NOT MIX.

þ IN 1480, GRAND DUKE OF MOSCOW [IVAN
III]EXPELLED MONGOLS.

 THE ERUPTION OF THE MONGOLS [CON'T]

þ IN CHINA, MONGOLS EST. YUAN DYNASTY [1260-1368]
þ ADOPTED CHINESE WAYS BUT MAINTAINED ETHNIC
DISTINCTIVENESS.

þ MONGOLS OVERTHROWN AFTER A CENTURY.

þ MARCO POLO VISITED KUBLAI KHAN, GENGHIS'S
GRANDSON.

þ BY THEN, MONGOLS HAD ABANDONED WARLIKE WAYS,
MAINTAINED PEACE THRUOUT DOMAIN:

þ TRADE FLUORISHED BETWEEN MED. & CHINA -->
MORE SO THAN IN ROMAN DAYS.

þ GREAT SILK ROAD VERY SAFE.

 DAWN OF THE MING DYNASTY [1368 - 1644]

þ REESTABLISHED TRADITIONAL CHINESE WAYS, ESP.:

þ CONFUCIANISM & MANDARIN SYSTEM.

þ DURING LAST YRS OF MONGOL RULE:
þ ROADS & CANALS --> DISREPAIR
 POP DECLINE --> WAR, DROUGHT.

þ GOVN. MOVED TO RESTORE TRANSPORTATION LINKS.

þ MOVE CAPITAL NORTH: NANKING --> PEKING -->
STIMULATES N-S TRADE.

þ BEGIN CULTIVATING COTTON --> MFG COTTON CLOTH.

þ REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION MORE PRONOUNCED.

þ CHINESE START TRADING OVERSEAS:

þ PREVIOUSLY LEFT TRADE TO FOREIGN MERCHANTS.

þ NOW CHINESE SHIPS ALL OVER ASIA.

þ IN EARLY 1400S, CHINESE ADMIRAL LEADS
EXPEDITION INTO INDIAN OCEAN:

þ SET UP CHINESE COLONIES IN:

þ CEYLON þ INDIA þ PERSIAN GULF
þ RED SEA þ EAST COAST OF AFRICA

 DAWN OF THE MING DYNASTY [1368 - 1644]

þ IN 1433, EMPEROR:

     þ FORBIDS FURTHER VOYAGES
     þ CALLS FOR DESTRUCTION OF OCEAN-GOING VESSELS
     þ PROHIBITS TRAVEL ABROAD.

þ WHAT IF CHINESE HAD BEEN IN INDIAN OCEAN WHEN
PORTUGUESE ARRIVED. a DIFFERENCE?

þ KOREA & JAPAN IMITATE CHINESE CIVILIZATION.
-- ESP CHINESE TECHNOLOGY.

þ KUBLAI KHAN ATTEMPTED INVASION OF JAPAN FROM
KOREA --> FLEET DESTROYED BY TYPHOON -- JAPANESE
CALL KAMIKAZE ["DIVINE WIND"]

þ EARLY IN 17TH CEN., SHOGUN BANS JAPANESE FROM
TRAVEL ABROAD & FORBADE CONSTRUCTION OF OCEAN-GOING
SHIPS.

 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA

þ FIRST CIVILIZATION ON THE INDUS RIVER IN THIRD
MILLENIUM BC.

þ NUMEROUS PRINCIPALITIES, KINGDOMS, AND EMPIRES
HAVE RISEN & FALLEN:

þ MATTEREDLITTLE TO THE MILLIONS OF PEASANTS
LIVING IN VILLAGES.

þ WAVE OF MIGRANTS & INVADERS FROM THE NW VIA
PERSIA OR AFGHANISTAN

þ ARYANS þ BACTRIAN GREEKS þ SCYTHIANS
þ PARTHIANS þ MONGOLS

þ ANCIENT RELIGION IN INDIA WAS HINDUISM,
DEVELOPED BEFORE 500 BC.

þ ARYANS --> BRAHMINS --> PRIESTLY CASTE

þ BUDDHISM --> DEVELOPS ABOUT 500 BC

     þ BUDDHISM HAS GREATEST SUCCESS IN CHINA,
          KOREA, JAPAN --> ONLY SMALL PRESENCE IN
          INDIA IN MODERN TIMES.

 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA [CON'T]

þ INVADERS BRING THE ISLAMIC RELIGION TO INDIA
BETWEEN 800 AD - 1600 AD.

þ MUSLIM INVADERS UNDER BABAR [RELATED TO GHENGIS
KHAN] EST. MOGUL [OR MUGHAL] EMPIRE IN NE INDIA

þ GREATLY ENLARGED BY GRANDSON, AKBAR

þ RIVALRY BETWEEN MUSLIM & HINDU FACTIONS ENABLES
PORTUGUESE TO EST. TRADING BASES ON WEST COAST IN
16TH CENTURY.

þ HINDU CASTE SYSTEM --> IMPINGES ON ECONOMIC
SYSTEM

þ PEOPLE BORN INTO ONE OF FIVE MAJOR CLASSES
OR CASTES:

þ CASTE DEPENDS ON ETHNIC & OCCUPATIONAL
FACTORS.

þ FIVE CASTES

          þ BRAHMINS --> RULING PRIESTS
          þ WARRIORS & RULERS
          þ FARMERS, ARTISANS, & MERCHANTS
          þ SERVANTS
          þ UNTOUCHABLES --> "OUTCASTES"

þ MANY SUBDIVISIONS TO THE CASTES --> ONE FOR
EVERY OCCUPATION

 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA [CON'T]

þ RELIGION PRODUCES STABILITY OF SOCIAL/ECONOMIC
ORDER:
     þ MARX'S SUPERSTRUCTURE
     þ HINDUISM -- > TRANSMIGRATION OF SOULS
     þ KARMA --> RUNNIG TALLY OF GOOD & BAD DEEDS.
     þ DARMA --> OBLIGATION TO DO CASTE DUTIES.

þ CASTE SYSTEM VERY HIERARCHICAL

þ RIGID STRICTURES AGAINST SOCIAL -- EVEN
PHYSICAL -- MINGLING.

þ INTERMARRY ONLY WITHIN THE CASTE

þ CASTE SYSTEM

þ BARRIER TO SOCIAL MOBILITY.
þ BARRIER TO EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES

þ HINDU VENERATION OF CATTLE

þ SACRED COWS COULD NOT BE KILLED OR CONSUMED.

 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA [CON'T]

þ VAST MAJORITY THEN & NOW LIVED IN VILLAGES

þ PRACTICE LABOR-INTENSIVE NEAR SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE:

þ MONSOON AREAS --> RICE
þ DRIER AREAS --> WHEAT, BARLEY, MILLET.

þ COTTON --> NATIVE TO INDIA.

þ VAST MAJORITY PRACTICE AGRICULTURE, BUT SMALL
CORE OF SKILLED CRAFTSPEOPLE:

þ ART þ STATUARY þ MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE

þ CRAFTSMEN --> MKT IS FOR THE RICH & POWERFUL
MASSES --> NO PURCHASING POWER

þ INDIA'S MIDDLE CLASS VERY SMALL:

þ LITTLE COMMERCE THAT EXISTED BEFORE 1500 AD
WAS HANDLED BY FOREIGNERS, ESP. ARABS.

þ THE TAJ MAHAL

þ SOME CONSIDER MOST BEAUTIFUL BLDG IN WORLD

þ CONSTRUCTED ON ORDERS OF 17TH CENTURY MOGOL
EMPEROR AS MAUSOLEUM FOR HIS WIFE.

þ THOUSANDS OF ARTISANS/LABORERS WORKED MORE
THAN 10 YRS TO BUILD.

 SOUTHEAST ASIA & INDONESIA

þ SOUTHEAST ASIA (INDOCHINA) = BURMA TO VIETNAM +
MALAY PENINSULA.

þ INDIAN & CHINESE INFLUENCES.

þ MUCH TECHNOLOGY & ECONOMY BORROWED FROM CHINA.

þ STRONG IDIAN CULTURAL INFLUENCES (EXCEPT VIETNAM)

þ INDONESIA -- STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY INDIA:

þ FIRST BY HINDU & BUDDIST CULTURES
þ LATER BY ISLAM

þ BUDDHIST MONKS --> MONASTERIES --> CULTURAL
DIFFUSION

þ RELIGIOUS CULTURE
þ ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF SE ASIA TO WORLD

þ RICE --> BECAME STAPLE FOOD OF CHINA, INDIA,
& OTHER AREAS OF WORLD.

þ SPICES -- PEPPER, NUTMEG, GINGER, CLOVES

þ MOST FROM ISLANDS IN INDONESIA

þ CEYLON --> CINNAMON

þ SPICES --> MOLUCCAS --> SPICE ISLANDS

þ THESE SPICES HAVE LONG HAD MKT IN INDIA,
CHINA, MIDDLE EAST, EUROPE

 SOUTHEAST ASIA & INDONESIA: MUSLIM ARABS PLAY
KEY ROLE IN TRADE

þ MUSLIM ARABS WERE MAIN INTERMEIDARIES BETWEEN
INDONESIA & INDIA.

     þ ALSO SPREAD ISLAM TO INDONESIA
       [EXCEPT BALI, WHICH REMAINED TRUE TO HINDU
       CULTURE]

þ ARABS TRANSPORTED CARGOES FROM INDIA TO
ALEXANDRIA AND OTHER EMPORIA OF EASTERN MED.

þ THERE SOLD TO ITALIAN MERCHANTS [ESP.
VENETIANS].

þ DESIRE TO CIRCUMVENT THIS MONOPOLY --> MAIN
MOTIVE OF PORTUGUESE.

 SOUTHEAST ASIA & INDONESIA [CON'T]

þ SETTLEMENTS BY NEOLITHIC HUNTER-GATHERERS IN
THAILAND & VIETNAM AS LONG AGO AS 10,000 BC.

     þ POTTERY --> 5TH MILLENIUM BC
     þ BRONZE TOOLS, WEAPONS, ORNAMENTS --> FROM
        2ND MILLENIUM BC.

þ IRON WORKING --> 500 BC

þ NATION-STATES DATE FROM TIME OF EUROPEAN
MIDDLE AGES.

þ BULK OF POP. IN SE ASIA LIVED IN ALLUVIAL RIVER
VALLEYS (E.G. MEKONG & RED RIVERS)

þ PRACTICED IRRIGATED RICE CULTIVATION

þ OTHER LIVED ON ISLANDS WITH RICH VOLCANIC SOIL
(E.G. JAVA, BALI).

þ FISH IMPORTANT IN DIET OF SE ASIA.

22
 HISTORY OF NORTH AFRICA

þ HISTORY OF NORTH AFRICA CLOSED TIED TO HISTORY OF
MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE, FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO
PRESENT.

þ VERY LITTLE CONNECTION BETWEEN SUB-SAHARA AFRICA
& EUROPE BEFORE 16TH CENTURY

þ NO WRITTEN RECORDS IN SUB-SAHARA AFRICA BEFORE
ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS IN 19TH CENTURY.

þ MUSLIMS CONVERTED BLACK AFRICANS LIVING IN SUB-
SAHARAN FRINGE.

þ ECONOMY OF N. AFRICA SIMILAR TO MEDITERRANEAN
EUROPE:

þ WHERE ADEQUATE RAINFALL --> GRAIN GROWING
--> ESP. WHEAT & BARLEY

þ ELSEWHERE -- NOMADIC PASTORALISM.

          þ PASTORAL = PERTAINING TO SHEPARDS,
            HERDSMEN, OTHERS INVOLVED IN ANIMAL
            HUSBANDRY.[L. PASTOR = SHEPARD].

          þ NOMADS = PASTORAL PEOPLE HAVING NO
            FIXED ABODE, MOVING FROM PLACE TO PLACE
            IN SEARCH OF FOOD & WATER. [GK NOMAS =
            ONE WHO WANDERS ABOUT FOR PASTURE.

          þ PASTURE = 1. GRASS OR OTHER VEGETATION
            EATEN AS FOOD BY GRAZING ANIMALS;
            2. GD ON WHICH SUCH VEGETATION GROWS.

23
 HISTORY OF NORTH AFRICA [CON'T]

þ LIVELY COMMERCE & TRADE.

þ INDUSTRY --> HOUSEHOLD VARIETY.

þ TRANS-SAHARA COMMERCE & TRADE:

þ SOME EXISTED BEFORE CHRISTIAN ERA.

þ DID NOT BECOME COMMON TILL CAMELS INTRODUCED
[FROM MIDDLE EAST] IN 2ND CEN. AD.].

þ RESTRICTED TO ITEMS OF LOW BULK, HIGH VALUE:

          þ GOLD
          þ IVORY
          þ SLAVES [ON FOOT]
          þ DATES --> DATE PALMS ON OASES.

24
 HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

þ ONLY A PART OF AFRICA COVERED WITH TROPICAL
FORESTS:

þ CONGO BASIN þ S. COAST OF W. AFRICA.

þ VAST STRETCHES OF SAVANNA = GRASS & SCRUB.

þ GREAT RIVERS OF AFRICA [NILE, NIGER, ZAMBEZI,
ETC.] HAVE FREQ. FALLS/RAPIDS --> HINDER COMMERCE.

þ CANOES WIDE USED FOR PORTAGE.
þ ALSO HEAD PORTAGE.

þ TRIBE BASIC SOCIAL GP. ABOVE FAMILY.

þ OCCASIONALLY, HAD LARGER POLITIES ABOVE TRIBE:

þ CONFEDERATION þ KINGDOM þ EMPIRE

þ NO WRITTEN RECORDS --> EPHEMERAL KINGDOMS.

þ ECONOMY RANGED FROM:

þ PRIMITIVE HUNTING & GATHERING

þ SOPH. FIELD AGRICULTURE

þ SOPH. STOCK RAISING ON SAVANNA.

25
 HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA [CON'T]

þ DOMESTICATED PLANTS & ANIMALS INTRODUCED FROM
EGYPT IN 2ND MILLENIUM BC.

þ WHEAT & BARLEY NOT FLUORISH HERE.

þ TSETSE [ ] FLY --> CARRIES DISEASES
FATAL TO LARGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS --> THUS NO DRAFT
ANIMALS --> THUS FARM WITH WOODEN/IRON HOES

þ YES, SOME AGRICULTURE IN JUNGLE AREAS:

þ USE SLASH-AND-BURN METHOD;

þ MOVE FIELDS EVERY FEW YRS.

þ GROW:

          þ ROOT CROPS
          þ BANANAS --> FROM SE ASIA --> ALSO
              DIFFUSED TO AMERICAS.

þ MUCH FISHING FROM RIVERS.

þ THOUGH TECH LEVEL LOW, CASTE OF IRONWORKERS &
PROFESSIONAL TRADERS EMERGES.

þ EXTENSIVE TRADE WITHIN AFRICAN SOCIETY:

þ NOMADS OF SAHEL [ARID S. FRINGE OF SAHARA]
TRADE WITH SAVANNA'S SEDENTARY PEOPLE.

þ MEAT, MILK, WOOL --> <-- GRAIN, CLOTH,
METALS.

þ ALSO SALT & SALTED FISH TRADED.

þ IN EAST AFRICA --> COWRY SHELLS USED AS MONEY.

þ ELIMINATE NEED FOR BARTER.

 BRIEF HISTORY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAS

þ AMERINDIANS DESCENDED FROM A MONGOLOID PEOPLE.

þ CROSSED LAND BRIDGE OVER BERING STRAIGHT FROM 2 -
30 K YRS AGO -- IN WAVES OVER THOUSANDS OF YRS.

þ WELL BEFORE CHRISTIAN ERA, NEW WORLD POPULATED
FROM ALASKA & CANADA DOWN TO TIERRA DEL FUEGO.

þ POP. DENSITY VARIED WIDELY:

þ SPARSE --> GREAT PLAINS & AMAZONIAN JUNGLE.

þ POP. DENSITY GREATEST WHERE SETTLED AGRICULTURE:

þ TEEMING --> CITIES OF MIDDLE AMERICA.

þ POP. DENSITY LIGHTEST --> WHERE
HUNTING/GATHERING.

 AMERINDIANS DISCOVERED AGRICULTURE INDEP. OF OLD
WORLD.

þ WHERE AGRICULTURE MOST INTENSIVE?

þ IN MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, NW S. AMER.

þ BUT ALSO EXISTED IN
þ SW U.S.
þ EASTERN WOODLANDS OF N. AMER.

27
 BRIEF HISTORY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAS [CON'T]

þ MOST COMMON CROPS

þ MAIZE (INDIAN CORN) þ TOMATOES þ SQUASH
þ PUMPKINS þ BEANS þ POTATOES

þ AMERINDIAN HAD NO DOMESTICATED ANIMALS EXCEPT:

þ DOG
þ LLAMA [IN ANDES] -->PACK ANIMAL, NOT DRAFT.

þ ACCORDINGLY, FARMING --> HOE CULTURE.

þ AMERINDIANS HAD FEW METALS, BUT MINED THESE:

     þ ALLUVIAL GOLD USED FOR ORNAMENTS
     þ SILVER
     þ COPPER
     þ BUT NO IRON.

þ INDIAN TOOLS MADE OF:

þ WOOD þ BONE þ STONE þ ESP. OBSIDIAN

þ OBSIDIAN = A NATURAL VOLCANIC GLASS USED FOR
CUTTING & CARVING.

þ OBSIDIAN [ob SID e an] = ACID-RESISTANT
LUSTROUS VOLCANIC GLASS, BLACK OR BANDED [AFTER
OBSIUS, A DISCOVER OF A STONE SIMILAR TO OBAIDIAN].

28
 BRIEF HISTORY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAS [CON'T]

þ AMERINDIANS PRODUCED ELEABORATE WORKS OF ART &
MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE.

þ INDIANS ENGAGED IN LONG-DISTANCE TRADE AS LONG
AGO AS 1500 BC:

þ OLMEC TRIBES ON GULF OF MEXICO TRADED WITH
MEXICAN CENTRAL HIGHLANDS:

          þ 8TH - 4TH CEN BC
          þ CARVED STAUETTES, ETC OF JADE
          þ OBSIDIAN
          þ CACAO BEANS (USED FOR MONEY & FOOD)

þ CACAO [ke KA o] = AN EVVERGREEN TROPICAL AM. TREE
WITH YELLOWISH FLOWERS & REDDISH-BROWN SEED PODS.
CALLED "CHOCOLATE TREE."

2. SEEDS OF THIS TREE USED IN MAKING
CHOCOLATE, COCOA, COCOA BUTTER.

þ COCOA [KO ko] = A POWDER MADE FROM CACAO SEEDS --
ROAST, GRIND, FREE OF FATTY OIL.
[VARIANT OF CACAO, BY CONFUSION WITH COCO(NUT)].

29
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION --

þ LOCATED IN MODERN GUATEMALA & YUCATAN.

þ EMERGED IN 2ND CEN. BC. PEAK: 4TH-9TH CEN AD.

þ MOST STRIKING ASPECT OF MAYAN CIV. WERE ITS
LARGE PYRAMIDS WITH TEMPLES ON TOP.

þ OTHER MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS:

     þ CONSTRUCTION OF NUMEROUS CIVIC CENTERS IN S.
       MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA -- A SERIES OF
       SMALL CITY-STATE POLITIES, WITH NO LARGER
       POLITICAL UNIFICATION.

þ EACH CIVIC CENTER -- RESIDENCES, PYRAMIDAL
STRUCTURES, & TEMPLES CONSTRUCTED AROUND A CENTRAL
PLAZA:

     þ BUILDINGS --> CUT-STONE MASONRY.
     þ DECORATION --> SCULPTURES & STUCCO
     þ CORBEL-VAULT STONE ROOFS
     þ PAVED PLAZAS.

þ HALLMARKS OF MAYA ART ARE IN THESE CIVIL CENTERS:

þ ELABORATE RELIEF CARVINGS
þ MURAL & CERAMIC PAINTINGS

30
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION
[CON'T]

þ YET, URBANIZATION NOT ALL THAT EXTENSIVE. MOST
MAYA:

þ LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES WITH BLDGS OF
PERISHABLE MATERIALS.

þ NO ADVANCED DIV. OF LABOR.

þ ALSO DEVELOPED WRITING & A CALANDER.

þ MAIZE [CORN] WAS THE MAIN FOOD STAPLE.

þ MARKETS WERE COMMON.

þ MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE IMPLIES:

þ SOCIETY ORGANIZED HIERARCHICALLY;
þ A FOOD SURPLUS --> TO FEED A WORK FORCE.

þ PEOPLE REVOLTED AGAINST PRIESTLY RULERS ABOUT 900
AD:

þ TEMPLES DESERTED --> OVERRUN BY JUNGLE.

31
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION
[CON'T]

þ SPANISH BRING DISEASES -->DECIMATE MAYA POP.

þ MAYA REGION PERIPHERAL TO SPANISH COLONIES
BECAUSE:

     þ LACK OF MINERAL WEALTH;
     þ SPARSE POP.
     þ LACK OF LAND SUITABLE FOR EXPORT CROPS.

     þ YET, SOME SUGAR & COFFEE PLANTATIONS EST. IN
       A FEW COASTAL REGIONS OF CHIAPAS, MX &
       GUATEMALA.

     þ BUT DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN DUE TO MALARIA IN
       THESE LOWLAND AREAS & DIFFICULTY OF
       EXTRACTING LABOR FROM ADJACENT HIGHLANDS.

þ IN LATE 18TH CEN. WORLD DEMAND FOR CORDAGE &
FIBER ^^:

þ CREATE LARGE HENEQUEN PLANTATIONS IN
N. YUCATAN PENINSULA:

          þ LABOR DRAFTS
          þ POPULAR REBELLION 1847-54, TO DRIVE OUT
            ALL EUROPEANS, NEARLY REALIZED.

þ HENEQUEN = A TROPICAL AM. PLANT HAVING LARGE
THICK LEAVES THAT YIELD A COARSE REDDISH FIBER USED
IN MAKING ROPE & TWINE.

32
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION
[CON'T]

þ IN 20TH CENTURY, RACIAL DIVISIONS REMAIN:

     þ COMMERCIAL & ADMIN. ELITE OF SPANISH-
       SPEAKING WHITES & LADINOS LIVING IN LARGER
       TOWNS.

þ MUCH LARGER GP OF MAYA-SPEAKING PEASANTS IN
RURAL VILLAGES.

þ CASTE LIKE DIV. BETWEEN LADINOS &
INDIGENOUS POP.

þ SEASONAL LABOR ON COFFEE PLANTATIONS ALONG
PACIFIC COAST.

33
 PRE=COLUMBIAN AMERICA: AZTEC CIVILIZATION

þ INDIAN PEOPLE DOMINATING CENTRAL MEXICO AT TIME
OF SPANISH CONQUEST.

þ FIERCE AZTECS CAME TO DOMINATE CENTRAL MEXICO IN
15TH & EARLY 16TH CENTURY.

þ SOCIETY DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR CASTES:
     þ NOBILITY
     þ PRIESTHOOD
     þ MILITARY & MERCHANT

þ AZTEC GOVN WAS CENTRALIZED.

þ YET CONQUERED CHIEFS RETAINED POLITICAL AUTONOMY
-- WHILE PAYING TRIBUTE & ENGAGING IN COMMERCE WITH
AZTECS.

þ AZTECS HAD LARGE & EFFICIENT ARMY.

þ PRISONERS --> USED FOR HUMAN SACRAFICE--> SATISFY
GODS OF AZTEC PANTHEON, ESP. CHIEF GOD, THE GOD OF
WAR.

34
 PRE=COLUMBIAN AMERICA: AZTEC CIVILIZATION
[CON'T]

þ AZTECS IMPRESSIVE IN:

þ ENG'G þ ARCHITECTURE þ ART
þ MATH þ ASTRONOMY

þ SHOWED ENG'G SKILL IN DESIGN OF FORTIFICATIONS OF
ISLAND CAPITAL.

þ AZTECS DISPLAYED SKILL IN:

þ SCULPTURE þ WEAVING þ METALWORK
þ ORNAMENTATION þ MUSIC þ PICTURE WRITING

þ SPANISH CONQUISTADOR CORTEZ FOUND WILLING ALLIES
IN HIS CONQUEST OF AZTECS AT TENOCHTITLAN IN 1519.

35
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: THE INCAS OF PERU

þ BETWEEN 1200-1440 AD, THE INCAS, HIGHLAND TRIBE
WITH CAPITAL IN CUZCO, PERU, BEGAN CONQUERING
HIGHLAND & COASTAL REGION FROM ECUADOR TO CHILE.

þ INCA EMPEROR WAS ABSOLUTE MONARCH RULING BY
DIVINE RIGHT:

þ ROYAL FAMILY OF 500 FORMED AN ENDUCATED,
GOVERNING UPPER NOBILITY.

þ EMPIRE DIVIDED INTO 4 PARTS, THE PARTS INTO
PROVINCES, THESE INTO LOCAL COMMUNITIES, THE
POLITICAL/SOCIAL FDN.

þ REQUIRED OBEDIENCE OF SUBJECTS CLOSE TO
SLAVERY.

þ BUT GOVN RESPONSIBLE FOR WELFARE OF ALL
SUBJECTS.

þ EVERYTHING OWNED BY STATE EXCEPT HOUSES,
MOVABLE HOUSEHOLD GOODS, AND SOME LAND.

þ WELL-STOCKED STATE WAREHOUSE --> DRAW GOODS
TO SUPPORT PRIESTS, GOVN SERVANTS, SPECIAL
CRAFTSMEN, THE SICK, AGED, AND WIDOWS.

þ COMMON PEOPLE CULTIVATE LAND + ARE DRAFTED TO
WORK ON STATE PROJECTS -- MINING, PUBLIC WORKS,
ARMY.

36
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: THE INCAS OF PERU

þ INCA RELIGION:

     þ VIRACOCHA, HEAD INCA GOD, HAD THESE
       SERVANTS:
          þ SUN GOD --> FOREMOST
          þ GOD OF WEATHER OR THUNDER
          þ THE MOON
          þ THE STARS
          þ THE EARTH
          þ THE SEA

þ NUMEROUS CEREMONIES, CELEBRATIONS, FEASTS,
FASTS.

þ NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE --> TRANSMIT MESSAGES WITH
KNOTS ON STRING.

þ IMPOSED STATE BUREAUCRACY ON SUBJECTS:

     þ STATE-OWNED WAREHOUSES FOR STORAGE/DISTR OF
       GRAIN.
     þ ALSO PRIVATE MARKETS ALONGSIDE GOVERNMENT
       DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

þ INCA ENGINEERS SHOWED GREAT SKILL IN TERRACING,
IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE, USE OF FERTILIZERS.

þ INCAS LACKED DRAFT ANIMALS, BUT HAD THESE
DOMESTIC ANIMALS:

þ LLAMAS, ALPACA, DOG, GUINEA PIG, DUCK.

37
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: THE INCAS OF PERU
[CON'T]

þ ARCHITECTS AND MASTER MASONS OF PUBLIC BLDGS &
ENG'G WORKS:

þ BUILT CLAY MODELS.

þ NO WHEELED VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTING.

     þ HUGE STONE BLOCKS FOR CONSTRUCTING FORTRESS,
       PALACE, TEMPLE, & STOREHOUSE WERE EMPLACED
       USING RAMPS & ROLLERS.

þ ADOBE BRICK & PLASTER WIDELY USED, ESP ALONG
COASTAL DESERT.

þ INCAS GREATEST ENG'G ACHIEVEMENT: NETWORK OF
ROADS (SOME STILL SURVIVE):

     þ LOG & STONE BRIDGES.
     þ CHASMS SPANNED WITH SUSPENSION BRIDGES, AS
       LONG AS 200 FT.

þ ROAD SECTIONS MAINTAINED BY NEAREST VILLAGE.

þ INCA COMMUNICATIONS

þ EACH VILLAGE PROVIDES MESSENGERS FOR ITS
SECTOR OF A ROAD;

þ EACH RUNS 1 MILE AND IS RELIEVED BY ANOTHER
RUNNER

þ MESSENGERS COVER 150 MI/DAY VS. 13 DAYS FOR
SPANISH TO COVER SAME DISTANCE.

38
 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: THE INCAS OF PERU
[CON'T]

 MANUFACTURING --> INCAS MADE TEXTILES, TRYING ALL
FIBERS.

þ MADE ELABORATE MULTICOLORED TAPESTRIES.

þ INCAS MINED FOR THESE METALS:

þ COPPER & BRONZE FOR PUBLIC USE;

þ GOLD, SILVER, TIN RES. FOR EMPEROR &
UPPER NOBILITY.

þ USED SMELTING, ALLOYING, CASTING, HAMMERING,
SOLDERING, RIVITING.

þ NO WRITING OR PAPER

þ SPANIARD FRANCISCO PIZARRO LANDED IN S.A. IN
1532.

þ WAS WELCOMED BY INCA LEADER ATAHUALPA.

þ PIZARRO LURED ATAHUALPA TO HIS CAMP, KILLED HIM.

þ UNDER SPANISH RULE, INCA CULTURE WAS
HISPANICIZED:

þ NATIVES REDUCED TO SUB. STATUS.

 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA: AMERINDIANS OF N. AMERICA
[CON'T]

 PUEBLO INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST

þ PRACTICED IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE.

þ BY DIVERTING STEAMS OVER FLOOD PLAIN.

     þ HOHOKAMS OF SE ARIZONA BUILT EXTENSIVE
       CANALS REQUUIRNG COOPERATION OF SEVERAL
       VILLAGES.

þ BUILT URBAN SETTLEMENTS WITH MULTI-ROOM & MULTI-
STORIED HOUSES.

þ NEARLY ALL AMERINDIANS MADE:

þ POTTERY
þ BASKETS

 CAHOKIA, NEAR ST LOUIS

þ SUPPORTED DENSE POP. OF AGRICULTURALISTS

 EASTERN WOODLANDS INDIANS

þ EAST OF MISSISSIPPI --> CANADA TO GULF OF MEXICO

þ PRACTICED AGRICULTURE & HUNTING/GATHERING &
FISHING.

þ LIVED IN VILLAGES -- NOT TOWNS.

THE END